Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services :: Handbook of Forensic Evidence for the Investigator

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Centre of Forensic Sciences

Investigators & Submitters

Handbook of Forensic Evidence for the Investigator

This handbook provides an overview of the collection and packaging requirements for items being submitted to the Centre of Forensic Sciences (CFS). Should any additional assistance be required, please contact the appropriate section: Contact Information for Investigators

Print Version – PDF, 532 kb

Issuing Authority: Centre Receiving Office Manager
Date: November 15, 2011

This handbook provides an overview of the collection and packaging requirements for items being submitted to the Centre of Forensic Sciences. Should any additional assistance be required, please contact the appropriate section.

Contact Information

Centre Receiving Office (CRO): 416 314-3216
(Case submission, packaging of cases; completion of submission form)

Biology: 416 314-3276
Sexual Assault Scientific Advisor CFS.Biology.sexualassault@ontario.ca: 416 314-3282
High Volume Crime Scientific Advisor CFS.Biology.highvolume@ontario.ca: 416 428-5154
Major Crime Scientific Advisor CFS.Biology.majorcrime@ontario.ca: 416 314-3289
DNA Databank Hits Team CFS.NDDB.hits@ontario.ca: 416 314-3038

Chemistry: 416 314-3131
(Hair & Fibres, Explosives, Fires, GSR, Paint & Glass, Trace)
Chemistry Scientific Advisor CFSChemstry.ScientificAdvisor@ontario.ca

Physical Sciences: 416 314-3240
(Documents, Electronics, Engineering, Firearms & Toolmarks)
Physical Sciences Scientific Advisor Physical.Sciences@ontario.ca

Toxicology: 416 314-3143
(Drugs, Blood Alcohol Concentration)
Criminal Coordinator Toxcrim@ontario.ca
Coroner’s Coordinator CFSToxSA@ontario.ca
Fax (main): 416 314-3225

Northern Regional Laboratory (NRL): 705 945-6550
Fax: 705 945-6569

Organizational Development Section: 416 314-3200
(Forensic science education services) CFS.LectureRequests@ontario.ca

Table of Contents


General Information
Adhesive Tape
Ammunition
Audio Clarification
Automotive Pedals
Biology Dna High Volume Service
Blood Alcohol Kits
Bloodstains
Body Tissues / Post Mortem Samples (Other Than Lung)
Bones / Teeth
Building Materials (Plaster, Concrete, Insulation, Etc)
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, And Nuclear (CBRN) Materials
Cellular Telephones
Chewing Gum
Cigarette Butts
Clothing – For Analysis Of Blood, Saliva, Semen And DNA Analysis
Clothing – For Damage Analysis
Clothing – For Trace Analysis (E.G. Glass, Paint, Soil)
Clothing – For Analysis Of Volatile Ignitable Liquids
Computer Hard Drives
Condoms
Controlled Substances
Cosmetics
Counterfeit Bank Notes
Damaged Electronic Devices
DNA High Volume Service
DNA Samples – For Comparison Purposes
Engineering Services
Envelope Flaps And Stamps
Explosives
Fibres
Fingernail Clippings And Scrapings
Fingerprinting
Fire Debris
Firearm Discharge Residue – Distance Determination
Firearms
Food
Footwear Impressions
Gases
Glass
Gunshot Residue (GSR)
Hairs
Handler DNA
Handwriting, Handprinting And Signatures
Hardrives
High Volume Service
Indented Writings
Ink Comparisons
Lachrymators (Mace, Pepper Spray, Tear Gas)
Lungs
Maggots
Mechanical Failures
Metals
Noxious Substances (Acids, Bleach, Drugs, etc)
Paint
Printing Machines (Cheque Protectors/Writers, Computer Printers, Fax Machines, Photocopiers, Typewriters)
Saliva
Semen
Serial Numbers
Sexual Assault Evidence Kit
Sexual Lubricants
Soil
Stun Guns And Tasers
Suspicious Liquids Or Powders
Syringes
Tires
Tire Impressions
Toolmarks
Tools
Traffic Accident Reconstruction
Vehicle Lights
Vehicles
Weapons (Knives, Scissors, etc)

General Information

Documentation

All cases submitted to the CFS or the NRL must be accompanied by a Case Submission Form. All relevant parts of the form must be completed, including:

  • The names, dates of birth and/or age of persons charged or suspected in the case;
  • the names, dates of birth and/or age of deceased or of complainants (victims) in the case;
  • the name, badge number, mailing address, e-mail address and phone/cell number of the submitter, the person requesting the examination;
  • the name, badge number, mailing address, e-mail address and phone/cell number of the chief investigator, the person in charge of the investigation (if applicable);
  • the name of the Report Recipient, as reports are now sent out via secure e-mail to a single report recipient (The recipient can then forward copies of the report to other relevant individuals as necessary.);
  • a brief description of the events leading up to, during and subsequent to the occurrence;
  • explanation as to how items are related to the occurrence;
  • a list of all the items that are being submitted for testing; and
  • a description of the examination requested for the items submitted.

Indicate on the Submission Form if a submission is either new or a supplemental submission for an existing case. Provide the CFS case number for any supplemental submission and any other reference case number(s) that is/are available (e.g., OFM #, job #, ecops #).

List any court dates on the Case Submission Form or any other reasons that may warrant an expedited examination. Any urgent or priority case must be authorized by a manager.

Any pre-consultations with CFS staff regarding the acceptance of a case and/or items must also be indicated, with the names of the staff, on the Case Submission Form.

A new Case Submission Form is required for each submission, including resubmissions (Case Submission Form).

Include Coroner’s Warrants, Sexual Assault Questionnaires , GSR Kit Questionnaires and other relevant paperwork along with the CFS Submission Form.

Collection and Packaging of Evidence Items

Note: Apply Universal Biohazard Safety Precautions when handling possible body fluids. If additional information is known, this can be indicated on the Case Submission Form, e.g. Hep-C positive.

  • Always wear gloves and protective clothing when handling and packaging evidential samples and change them when contaminated and when handling items from different sources.
  • When using disposable utensils (e.g. razor blades) to collect evidence, use a new utensil for each sample collected.
  • Use water or alcohol to wipe scissors or forceps between the collection of different samples to prevent contamination.
  • Keep comparison samples separate from questioned samples; items from different locations or individuals must be packaged separately.
  • Please clearly note if any items need to be protected for fingerprinting or analysed by multiple Sections.
  • Small items such as glass fragments and paint should be packaged using the Druggist’s Fold and then placed in an envelope.
  • Label each item (i.e. proximal container) that is submitted and include what the item is, to whom it belongs, where it was found, when it was found and who found it.
  • All containers that contain evidence and are shipped or mailed to the CFS must be “properly sealed” to ensure continuity and to protect the contents from loss, cross-transfer, or contamination. A container is “properly sealed” only if its contents cannot readily escape and only if entering the container results in obvious damage to the container or seal. Tamper evident tape, which is tape that provides an indication that a container has been tampered with, should be used to ensure that a container is properly sealed.
  • Boxes, envelopes and other containers must be sealed by firmly applying tamper evident tape across each potential opening (e.g., top and bottom of box) of a container and initialling across the tape onto the container.
  • A minimum of one numbered seal, or other numbered seal, is required on a container. It must be placed perpendicular across an opening and initialled to uniquely identify the container for continuity purposes. Stickers, labels, non-evidence tape and portions of seals are not considered to be continuity seals. Property bags are also sufficient as long as the items contained within are properly secured.
  • If possible, avoid applying seals over other pertinent information on items (e.g., date and time of collection of sample on small hospital tubes). Please note any such information on the Submission form.
  • List all seal numbers on the Case Submission Form clearly.
  • Air-dry items that are wet and/or stained with wet blood or other body fluids to prevent decomposition, except when requesting an examination for volatile ignitable liquids (e.g. accelerants). Items that are especially difficult to dry completely, such as leather and suede, must be packaged in paper, not plastic.
  • Samples of bodily fluids and body organs should be kept refrigerated prior to submission. Such samples should be kept frozen if being held in long term storage prior to submission.
  • Do not reuse any CFS packaging for new cases due to potential cross-contamination of items.

Druggist’s Fold for Collecting Trace Samples

  1. With the material in a position just right of centre in the middle of the paper, fold the paper upwards in half.
  2. Keeping the entire sample to the right, fold the paper half way over.
  3. Shake the sample into the left corner of the pocket that is formed, and then fold the paper back in half.
  4. Fold the top down and place the packaged sample in an envelope.
Druggist’s Fold: Packaging small, dry items in paper.

Adhesive Tape

  • submit the object on which the tape is attached
  • if that is not possible, mount the tape on a clean, hard, non-porous surface (e.g. a plastic sheet such as thick transparency film; avoid using plastic page protectors)
  • protect tape ends for possible physical match and for potential sampling for “handler” DNA – consult with Scientific Advisor for assistance; do not try to separate the tape

Comparison Samples

  • suspect tapes or rolls of tape that are similar in colour, width and texture
  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”

Ammunition

Cases that may involve calibre determination, distance determination, the identification and comparison of fired ammunition to suspect firearms, the identification of the possible make and/or model of a firearm and the determination of linkages to other occurrences.

Fingerprinting and DNA analysis must be completed prior to the submission of ammunition to the Firearms & Toolmarks Unit.

Unfired

  • For cases involving only unfired ammunition, there must be a prohibition order against the suspect/accused to be accepted
  • If a firearm is being submitted, only submit a representative sample of ammunition (e.g. ½ capacity of the magazine); indicate on the Case Submission Form whether more ammunition is available
  • Unfired cartridges removed from the chamber and other unfired ammunition should be packaged in separate containers
  • Do not remove unfired ammunition from detachable magazines, submit the magazine
  • Do not re-insert cartridges into a magazine if they have already been removed
  • Firearms and unfired ammunition should be packaged in separate containers unless the items will be picked up upon completion of examination (e.g. Toronto Police courier)

Fired

From a body:

  • Bullets and bullet fragments should be retrieved, if possible, by gloved hand or with plastic forceps to prevent alteration or damage
  • Shotgun pellets should be retrieved by gloved hand or with plastic forceps, if possible. Submit a representative sample of the pellets (i.e. maximum of 10), selecting the most intact and undamaged for submission
  • If a bullet is embedded in bone and cannot be readily removed, remove that portion of bone and submit; keep under refrigerated conditions
  • Remove any trace evidence (e.g. clothing fibres) from the projectile prior to rinsing
  • Blood should be removed from ammunition and ammunition components (i.e. bullets, wadding and pellets) as soon as is practicable, by rinsing with water and air drying completely prior to packaging
  • Do not mark the bullet, mark the container
  • Package items individually in a specimen jar, envelope, plastic box or bag; do not use glass containers
  • Mark the container as biohazardous

From the scene:

  • If embedded, cut out the area containing the bullet
  • Avoid altering or damaging ammunition during recovery, if possible; do not recover bullets with any type of metal tool
  • If DNA analysis is not required, blood should be removed from bullets and cartridge cases as soon as is practicable, by rinsing with water and air drying completely prior to packaging
  • Do not mark any part of the cartridge case or the bullet, mark the container
  • Submit all bullet fragments found at the scene
  • Package items individually in a specimen jar, envelope, plastic box or bag; do not use glass containers
  • If applicable, mark the container as biohazardous

Comparison Samples

  • Suspect firearm
  • If relevant, DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”

Rapid Assessment for IBIS Selection Examination (RAISE) Cases

Cases where the only requirement of the submission is to determine whether or not a shooting incident is linked to a previous shooting or suspect firearm.

Submissions are restricted to cases where:

  • No accused/suspects are identified
  • Only fired ammunition has been recovered from the shooting scene, no firearm has been recovered
  • The occurrence is not a homicide
  • There is no requirement to know the calibre or the type of firearm that discharged the fired ammunition or the number of firearms involved

Cases received which meet the RAISE acceptance criteria will be treated as RAISE cases unless otherwise specified by the submitter.

Follow the collection and packaging guidelines outlined above for Forensic Cases.

Audio Clarification

  • Always submit original tapes, if possible.
  • Keep tapes away from magnetic fields, such as magnets, speakers, radios, telephones, etc.
  • If submitting a digital audio file, ensure that it is an identical copy of the original.
  • If the digital file is in a non-standard proprietary format, contact the manufacturer prior to submission and have them supply you with whatever application/codec is required to play back the file.
  • Specify which section(s) of the recording(s) are of greatest investigative priority.
  • If recording(s) are very long, contact the electronics section staff prior to submission.
  • The CFS does not provide voice comparison or tape authentication analyses.

Automotive Pedals

  • CFS does not provide this service. Please contact the OPP Forensic Support Services at 705-329-6971 for further assistance.

Blood Alcohol Kits

  • Ensure both tubes are individually sealed by placing the seal over the top of the container and down each side.
  • Fill in the required information on the seals.
  • List both seal numbers on the Case Submission Form.
  • Seal the kit and list the seal number on the Case Submission Form.
  • Keep the samples refrigerated.
  • These can be used for the blood alcohol and DRE programs.

Bloodstains

Testing of items for the presence of blood prior to submission using commercially available kits can compromise DNA analysis as it results in the removal of DNA, destruction of DNA, inhibition of DNA analysis and contamination with other sources of DNA during the testing process.

Do not test items prior to submission with Haemastix, or blood enhancing chemicals such as Luminol, BlueStar, LMG, etc., without prior consultation with a Biology Scientific Advisor.

For submissions to the Biology DNA High Volume Service program, bloodstains must be swabbed (see below for swabbing instruction).

For all other case types:

  • Collect the whole item bearing the stain, if feasible and applicable.
  • Air-dry all items prior to submission, including clothing and fabrics.
  • Once dry, package the items individually in paper bags and submit.
  • Items such as knives should be packaged in a manner that limits their movement within the container in order to minimize the loss of any adhering blood or other trace materials.

Note: If it is not feasible or applicable to submit the actual item, then a sample(s) of the relevant stain(s) should be collected as follow:

  1. Take an overall photograph of the item to show the location of the stain; take a close-up photograph of the stain; include a scale in all photographs; and
  2. collect the stain or stained area from the item as detailed below (see instructions for wet/dry stains on non-absorbent surface vs. wet/dry stains on an absorbent surface); for each item, also collect and retain a negative control sample, either by using a water-moistened swab or by excising a sample from an unstained area of the same material, collected as close to the stain as possible.

Wet/ Dry Stains on a Non-Absorbent Surface

  • Use either a dry swab or a water-moistened swab to collect the wet or dry stain; for small, faint and/or dilute stains, concentrate the stain on the tip of the swab.
  • Each stain should be swabbed separately; do not combine separate stains onto one swab (in situations where the collection of multiple stains per swab is warranted, consult with Biology Scientific Advisor prior to sampling).
  • All swabs should be packaged separately and must be air-dried prior to submission.

Wet/ Dry Stains on an Absorbent Surface

  • If wet, allow stains to air-dry.
  • Use a disposable razor blade/scalpel to excise the stain.
  • Each swab should be collected and packaged separately.
  • If swabs/stains cannot be immediately air-dried, they should be stored frozen; air-dry prior to submission.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Body Tissues / Post Mortem Samples (Other Than Lung)

  • Submit in a clean, leak proof container.
  • Do not store the tissue in any kind of fixative, such as formalin.
  • Tissue specimens requiring DNA analysis must be stored frozen pending submission; those for toxicological analysis must be kept refrigerated.
  • When identification of tissue type is required contact the Forensic Pathology Unit of the Office of the Chief Coroner at 416 314-4040.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Bones / Teeth

  • Submit appropriate items to CFS for DNA purposes only.
  • For other analyses, such as identification of type or species, contact the Forensic Pathology Unit of the Office of the Chief Coroner at 416 314-4040.

Building Materials (Plaster, Concrete, Insulation, Etc)

  • Do not remove these items from tools or clothing; submit the entire item.
  • See “Clothing-For Trace Analysis” or “Tools” for collection and packaging information.
  • Place any loose particles in containers with tightly-fitting lids.
  • Try not to crush these materials.

Comparison Samples

  • Obtain representative samples, ~50g, from the damaged areas of the safe, wall, etc.
  • Package samples in leak proof containers.
  • Handle and package comparison samples separately from questioned samples.

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, And Nuclear (CBRN) Materials

  • CFS does not accept samples that are Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear (CBRN) hazards.
  • Suspicious powders or liquids that may present Radiological, Biological or Chemical Warfare Agent hazards must be screened prior to submission by a competent Hazmat or Emergency Response team such as OPP UCRT (905-857-5582). The sample submission must include a document listing the specific threats for which the sample has been cleared. CFS does not accept samples that are CBRN hazards.
  • See also “Suspicious Liquids or Powders”.

Cellular Telephones

  • Functional cell phones are only accepted from the Special Investigations Unit.
  • If the phone is powered off, do not turn it on.
  • If the phone is powered on, it is recommended that it be placed in a specialty RF-shielded bag and submitted as soon as possible; do not attempt to turn the phone off and note on the Case Submission Form that the phone is on.
  • Do not attempt to unlock or otherwise operate the phone prior to submission.
  • Consult with CFS prior to undertaking fingerprinting especially if sampling for “handler” DNA is being considered.
  • If DNA analysis is required, the item should be submitted or relevant surfaces of the cellular telephone should be swabbed prior to submission to the Electronics Section.
  • Fingerprinting can be undertaken following examination by the Electronics Section; be sure to note, on the Case Submission Form, that the phone is to be protected for fingerprints.
  • Also note on the Case Submission Form if there is any blood or other biohazard concerns.
  • If cell phone is noticeably damaged please refer to section on Damaged Devices.

Chewing Gum

  • Collect with gloved hands or with forceps.
  • Package in a re-sealable plastic bag or plastic container.
  • Keep the samples frozen pending submission.
  • If the sample is to be submitted to the Biology DNA High Volume Service … the gum itself will not be accepted; therefore, the surface must be swabbed and only the swab is to be submitted.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Cigarette Butts

  • Collect with gloved hands or with forceps.
  • Air-dry the samples prior to submission.
  • Package in a re-sealable plastic bag, plastic container or envelope.
  • For numerous cigarette butts collected together from one location e.g. ashtray at scene, consult with CFS prior to submission.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Clothing – For Analysis Of Blood, Saliva, Semen And DNA Analysis

Testing of items for the presence of blood prior to submission using commercially available kits can compromise DNA analysis as it results in the removal of DNA, destruction of DNA, inhibition of DNA analysis and contamination with other sources of DNA during the testing process. Do not test items prior to submission with Haemastix, or blood enhancing chemicals such as Luminol, BlueStar, LMG, etc., without prior consultation with a Biology Scientific Advisor.

For submissions to the Biology DNA High Volume Service refer to the DNA High Volume Service Information Sheet and the DNA High Volume Service Protocol for requirements on clothing evidence collection and submission.

For all other case types:

  • Air-dry if wet or bloodstained.
  • Package each item individually, in paper.
  • List the source of the clothing on the Case Submission Form.
  • Items that have been washed or laundered should be discussed with the Biology Section prior to submission.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Clothing – For Damage Analysis

  • Submit the item containing the damage.
  • Air-dry the item if wet or bloodstained.
  • Leave all cuts, tears, holes and seam separations as found – Do not hang to dry, lie the item on a flat surface for drying.
  • Package each item individually in a paper bag.
  • List the source of the clothing on the Case Submission Form.

Comparison Samples

  • Instrument that may have inflicted the damage; keep clothing away from the vicinity of an instrument.
  • Package instruments separately from clothing.
  • See “Weapons” for packaging information.

Clothing – For Trace Analysis (E.G. Glass, Paint, Soil)

Examination and/or photographing items prior to submission can compromise trace analysis as it can result in the loss of trace and/or contamination.

  • Air-dry the item if wet or bloodstained over a clean piece of paper.
  • Do not shake the item and do not remove particles from the clothing.
  • Handle each article of clothing over a clean piece of paper to capture any loose, falling particles; fold and submit the paper with the clothing.
  • Package each item individually, in paper.
  • List the source of the clothing on the Case Submission Form.
  • See also “Glass”, “Paint”, “Soil”, “Hairs” and “Fibres”.

Clothing – For Analysis Of Volatile Ignitable Liquids

  • Do not air-dry the clothes.
  • Suspect’s clothing should have been packaged within 24 hours of the occurrence. If more than 24 hours have elapsed between the occurrence and packaging of the clothing, a Chemistry Section scientist or manager should be consulted to determine whether or not the item is suitable for submission.
  • Depending on the size of the item, submit in glass Mason jars with metal lids and rings, or in specialty nylon bags, (see Figs. 3 and 4).
  • Glass mason jars and lids should be washed in hot water without soap (i.e. in dishwasher) after purchase and then stored with the lids in place.
  • Do not fill Mason jars more than ¾ full.
  • Leave air space in the nylon bags.
  • Nylon bags should be closed by twisting the bag opening, folding it over and tying or taping closed – swan neck seal (see Fig.4).
  • Handle and package clothing separately from scene debris and any liquid samples.
  • List the source of the clothing on the Case Submission Form.

Comparison Samples

  • an empty Mason jar and lid from the same group of jars used in the packaging of clothing samples

Computer Hard Drives

  • Non-operational or damaged computer hard drives (all types) will be accepted.
  • Remove hard drive from CPU or electronic equipment if possible.
  • Package the hard drive in an anti-static bag and pack it to prevent mechanical damage.
  • It is important to minimize exposure to shocks and static discharge.
  • Contact the Electronics unit if you have any questions about preparation.

Condoms

  • Collect with gloved hand or forceps.
  • Package in a clean, leak proof specimen container.
  • Must be kept frozen pending submission.
  • Submit promptly upon removal from freezer storage.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Controlled Substances

  • In cases of narcotic possession or possession for the purposes of trafficking, drug samples alone will not be accepted.
  • Controlled substances not accepted at the CFS should be sent to the Drug Analysis Service of Health Canada, 416 973-1453.
  • If biological samples and/or biohazardous drug paraphernalia (e.g. syringes) are also being submitted, the items will be accepted but a certificate of an analyst will not be issued.
  • Package samples for the CFS in re-sealable plastic bags or plastic vials.

Comparison Samples

  • Biological samples (e.g. blood, urine, etc.)

Cosmetics

  • Submit waxy or liquid samples in glass containers; do not use plastic containers.
  • Items with smears/stains should be submitted in their entirety (e.g. clothing).
  • Cotton swabs or soft tissues can be used to remove makeup from the face or any non-absorbing surface; paper towels should not be used.

Comparison Samples

  • Sample of an unstained area of an item when the entire item cannot be submitted.
  • An unused swab when swabs have been used to collect samples.
  • Containers of suspected sources of the cosmetics.
  • Package comparison samples separately from questioned samples.

Counterfeit Bank Notes

  • Contact the RCMP in Ottawa for more information at 613-993-0664.

Damaged Electronic Devices

  • Some examples of damaged devices that could may be submitted are cellular and cordless telephones, smart phones (excluding Blackberrys), SIM cards, voice recorders, answering machines, mp3 players, USB memory keys (any devices with non-volatile memory)…
  • Examples of devices that would be candidates for submission are those which are non functional or have physical damage due to have been submerged submersion in a liquid, have been smashed, or have been melted or burned in a fire.
  • Submit all of the pieces of a damaged device, if possible.
  • If the device has been exposed to water or another liquid ( incl. blood), it should be submitted as soon as possible, since corrosion will begin to occur and could cause further damage.
  • If there is any suspicion that the device might be biohazardous, or will need to be fingerprinted, it must be indicated on the submission form.
  • If you are unsure if the device can be examined, please contact the Electronics Section Unit before submission.

DNA High Volume Service

Refer to the DNA High Volume Service Information Sheet and the DNA High Volume Service Protocol for requirements on evidence collection and submission.

For any exceptions contact the High Volume Crime Team Scientific Advisor at 416 428-5154 or cfs.biology.highvolume@ontario.ca.

DNA Samples – For Comparison Purposes

  • For all DNA samples submitted for comparison, clearly indicate on the Case Submission Form whether a sample is a consent, discard, elimination, reference, warrant or familial sample.
  • must NOT relate the name of the donor to the sample on the submission form for the following items:
  • DNA Warrant samples from suspects
  • DNA samples taken on informed consent from suspects and persons of interest
  • DNA samples taken on consent from persons for elimination purposes

For example, information such as “Item 1 DNA warrant from J.Doe” must not be written in the case history or the item description sections of the CFS case submission form.

Instead of the sample donor’s name, submitters are to use a standard CFS three letter code (see submission protocol below). The record of the donors name and associated item identifier must remain with the submitting agency.

Submission protocol:

1. CFS Submission Form

Warrant/consent samples are identified by one of the following 3-letter codes, including the item number e.g. CDW – 1, CDW – 2:

  • CDW (Comparison DNA Warrant sample)
  • CC (Consent Comparison sample)
  • ELS (Elimination sample) – e.g. last previous consent sexual partner in Sexual Assault Cases.

No changes are required for the submission of “Complainant” samples and “Discard” samples.

If the submission form is not in compliance with this protocol, it will be rejected and the items returned.

2. Item Labelling

A unique seal identifier is affixed to each sample and the relevant code and applicable submitter item number is assigned to the sample (e.g. CC-1).

Samples are submitted with the name of donor on the actual item only (i.e., the name does not appear on CFS Submission Form).

3. The laboratory process/actions

A small portion (less than half) of the submitted sample is removed for DNA extraction and testing. The remaining original sample is returned to the submitting agency/client.

If the result obtained for the above listed comparison samples is an exclusion, it is the responsibility of the submitter to ensure compliance with the Criminal Code

Blood Samples collected by finger-prick

  • Always wear gloves.
  • Wipe the donor’s fingertip with alcohol and prick the fingertip with a sterile lancet.
  • Have the donor spot the blood drops onto sterile gauze, cotton paper or FTA® paper.
  • There should be sufficient blood to form a stain the size of a dollar coin.
  • Air-dry the item and submit.

Pulled Hairs

  • At least 10-15 pulled scalp or pubic hairs with root sheaths.
  • Package the hair into a folded paper (see Fig.1) and place in an envelope.

Oral/ Buccal Swab – Collect two swabs

  • Have the donor rinse their mouth twice with water.
  • Swab the inside of the cheek by rubbing up and down 10 times with a sterile swab.
  • Air-dry the swab prior to submission.

Atypical Samples

  • When it is not possible to obtain a comparison sample directly from an individual in question, certain items may be suitable for use either as a reference sample or a discard sample.

Reference / Personal Effect Samples

  • Items such as: toothbrushes, hairbrushes, razors or other personal or intimate items believed to belong to a particular individual; consult with CFS if in doubt or for assistance.

Discard Samples

  • Used items such as: cigarette butts, chewing gum, drinking containers, eating utensils, etc, that are seen to be used by a specific individual.

Familial Samples

  • In the event that the above samples are not available, some familial samples can be used for comparison purposes. Please consult with a Biology Section Scientific advisor appropriate for case type (see contact numbers for Major Crime, Sexual Assault and High Volume Scientific Advisors on page 2).

DNA Samples – Obtained by Warrant

  • Must be collected by a police officer or other individual who has been trained in the collection of DNA warrant samples.
  • Use the DNA warrant sample collection kits, available through the Centre Receiving Office.

Engineering Services

  • Refer to: “Mechanical Failures”, “Serial Numbers”, “Tires”, “Traffic Accident Reconstruction” and “Vehicle Lights”.
  • Force and strength testing and trajectory analysis of falling objects can be performed.

Envelope Flaps and Stamps

  • Do not fingerprint prior to submission to CFS.
  • Submit still affixed to the item in question i.e. do not attempt to open flaps or otherwise remove stamps in any way (such as steaming).
  • 2 x 2 cm cut-out of envelope flaps are accepted for the Biology High Volume Service Program.
  • Indicate on the Case Submission Form if the item needs to be protected for fingerprinting.
  • Package in a re-sealable bag or in another envelope.
  • Use tape when sealing the outer container; do not moisten it with your own saliva.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Explosives

  • Before submitting any explosives-related items, contact the Chemistry Section at 416 314-3131 to review the submission and to ensure that an explosives examiner will be present to discuss the submission when you arrive.
  • These items must be delivered in person during regular working hours.
  • DO NOT SUBMIT IN AFTER HOURS LOCKERS.
  • Submit all items in clean, transparent containers that can be sealed, such as Mason jars, nylon bags, glass vials, plastic bags and plastic containers; for liquid items, Mason jars are recommended.
  • Submit photographs of the scene if available.
  • for most intact explosives, a few grams is suitable, however, for very sensitive explosives only smaller amounts will be accepted and care must be taken when handling and transporting them.
  • Submit labelled wrappers if available and any other pertinent information found at the scene.
  • For post-blast debris, collect the remains of all parts of the suspected device and debris (e.g. metal, glass, wood, etc.) from the seat of the explosion and the surrounding area; package debris from different areas in separate containers.
  • Intact explosives will be destroyed six months following the analysis unless picked up by the submitter.
  • Post-blast debris will be shipped back to the submitter unless other instructions are received.

Fibres

  • Submit the entire item bearing the fibres, if possible.
  • Air-dry items if wet or bloodstained.
  • Place paper under items to catch any falling particles while they are drying; fold and submit the paper with the clothing.
  • Items for fibre examination must be packaged individually in paper only; do not use plastic.
  • Weapons with fibres present should be packaged to minimize loss; see “WEAPONS”.
  • If it is not practical to submit the entire item, the fibres or fabric can be removed and submitted as described below:
  • Fibres can be collected using clear cellulose tape; do not use fingerprinting tape or frosted/opaque tape.
  • Tapes should be placed sticky side down on clear plastic sheets and submitted in envelopes; tapings from different items must be packaged separately.
  • Embedded fibres can be collected using forceps and placed onto cellulose tape, as above, or they can be placed in a folded paper (Fig.1) and sealed in an envelope.
  • When collecting fabric samples, remove them carefully and package in a folded paper (Fig.1) and seal in an envelope.
  • Label each sample as to its specific source and/or location.

Comparison Samples

  • Submit the entire item that may have transferred fibres (e.g. clothing, rug, and blanket).
  • If the entire comparison item cannot be submitted, cut out an area large enough to provide a representative sample of the item.
  • Always keep items to be examined completely separate from all comparison samples so as to prevent contamination of evidence items.

Fingernail Clippings And Scrapings

  • Fingernail clippings are generally preferred but samples can be collected as either clippings or by scraping the under-surfaces of the nails.
  • Collect and package the samples (clippings or scrapings) into a piece of folded paper (Fig.1), one for each hand.
  • Package and submit samples from the left and right hands in separate envelopes.

Clippings

  • Single use nail clippers should be used.
  • Sample each hand separately by cutting each nail as close to the fingertip as possible without cutting the nailbed.
  • Collect all the clippings from one hand together and include the nail clippers; repeat for the other hand.

Scrapings

  • Sample each hand separately.
  • Use the rounded end of a fingernail scraper to scrape out the area under each nail.
  • Use one fingernail scraper per hand and include the scrapers with each set of scrapings.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Fingerprinting

  • Contact the appropriate police identification unit.

Fire Debris

  • Submit only in glass Mason jars with metal lids and rings, or in specialty nylon bags (see Figs. 3 and 4).
  • Glass mason jars and lids should be washed in hot water without soap (i.e. in dishwasher) after purchase and then stored with the lids in place, away from all potential sources of ignitable liquid.
  • Jars should not be more than ¾ full.
  • Package the jars carefully to prevent breakage in transit (i.e. wrap in paper, poly-net, bubble wrap, etc.)
  • If necessary, for added protection against loss and/or entry of volatile ignitable liquid vapours, each Mason jar may be placed into a clean, unused nylon bag, which is then swan-neck sealed and taped closed.
  • If alcohols, solvents or lacquer thinners are suspected, only use Mason jars as packaging.
  • Leave air space in the nylon bags and use the swan neck seal to close by twisting the bag opening, folding it over and taping it shut (see Fig.4).
  • Soil, food and vegetation must be refrigerated immediately; submit in Mason jars and label appropriately.
  • Clothing - see “CLOTHING – FOR ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE IGNITABLE LIQUIDS”.
  • Scene debris, clothing, and liquid samples must all be packaged separately.
  • Fuel containers found at the scene should be closed with their screw top/stopper if present, and packaged in a swan-neck sealed nylon bag.
  • When large quantities of liquid remain in a container at the scene, submit a sample of the liquid in a vial or on an absorbent:
  1. Vial
  • Submit in glass vials with foil-covered lid liners.
  • Mason jars may be used, but should then be double-bagged in nylon bags.
  • Submit no more than 25mL.
  1. Absorbent
  • Use a substrate (e.g. paper towel) to absorb a sample of the liquid.
  • Place the soaked substrate in a Mason jar and submit.

Comparison Samples

  • An empty Mason jar and lid from the same group of jars used in the packaging of the case samples.
  • Samples of materials remote from the area of burning for comparison to suspected fire debris (e.g. wood, carpeting, tiles, etc.)
  • Containers, liquids, rags in possession of, or available to a suspect.
  • Samples of all materials used to collect evidence samples (e.g. paper towels, swabs).


Glass Mason jar with fire debris

Specialty nylon bag with swan neck seal.

Firearm Discharge Residue – Distance Determination

On Clothing

  • Only the primary target surface will be accepted (i.e. the top layer of clothing); indicate on the Case Submission Form how the clothing was worn at the time of the shooting.
  • Do not cut through or near a bullet hole when removing the victim’s clothing.
  • Air dry wet or bloodstained clothing.
  • Protect the bullet entrance area by placing clean paper over the affected area and place clean cardboard behind it to prevent bending.
  • Put each article of clothing in a separate container.
  • Avoid unnecessary handling and contact with any area containing discharge residues.
  • Distance determinations will only be conducted where the suspect firearm and a sample of the same ammunition used in the shooting occurrence are available and submitted; if either of these is not available, contact the Firearms & Toolmarks Unit prior to submission.

On Tissue

  • Photographs of the wound and surrounding area should be submitted rather than the wound itself.
  • A minimum of six 1:1 scaled photographs should be taken of the wound and surrounding area, at 90 degrees.
  • One overall, one medium range and one close-up photo, all with a ruled scale
  • Next to the wound
  • One overall, one medium range and one close-up photo, all with a ruled scale
  • In the photo, but not next to the wound
  • Negatives should be submitted when conventional photographic equipment has been used and a CD containing the images should be submitted when digital photography has been used.
  • The wound should continue to be excised and stored by the investigating agency under refrigerated conditions; if photos are not sufficient, a request will be made to submit the wound.
  • Distance determinations will only be conducted where the suspect firearm and a sample of the same ammunition used in the shooting occurrence are available and submitted; if either of these is not available, contact the Firearms & Toolmarks Unit prior to submission.
  • Submit the autopsy report, if available.

Comparison Samples

  • Suspect firearm.
  • A sample of the same ammunition used in the shooting occurrence.

Firearms

Cases that may involve the identification and comparison of fired ammunition to suspect firearms, the examination of modified firearms, non-functioning firearms, firearms with a safety concern, distance determinations, serial number restoration, accidental discharge examinations and trigger pull testing.

Note: Unaltered commercial firearms submitted for the purpose of classification are no longer being accepted unless they involve safety concerns regarding their operation.

Fingerprinting and DNA analysis must be completed prior to the submission of firearms to the Firearms & Toolmarks Unit.

Suicide cases are not normally accepted for firearms examination.

  • If trace evidence (e.g. blood, hair) may be present on the firearm, wrap with paper or plastic to prevent loss.
  • Remove any cartridges or cartridge cases from the chamber and package separately.
  • Remove cartridges from a revolver, note and number the position of the fired cartridge cases and unfired cartridges.
  • Remove the magazine from the firearm.
  • Do not disassemble the firearm; if the firearm is already disassembled, make a note on the Case Submission Form and do not attempt to reassemble.
  • Do not submit a loaded firearm without prior consultation with the Firearms & Toolmarks Section.
  • Do not clean the firearm.
  • Do not attempt to insert items into the firearm or magazine.
  • Package the firearm in a rigid box for shipment.
  • Firearms and unfired ammunition should be packaged in separate containers unless the items will be picked up upon completion of examination (e.g. Toronto Police courier).
  • Firearms found in water should be submitted to the CFS in the same water as it was found; if this is not possible, they should be dried completely and coated with gun specific lubricant. Notify the CFS and submit promptly; the same applies to firearms found in snow.
  • Firearms not in the same condition as at the time of the occurrence are not suitable for trigger pull safety tests.
  • Target surfaces will not be accepted for trajectory analysis where the projectile impact sites have been permanently damaged/ altered by the investigating agency.
  • Note the make, model, type, calibre/gauge and serial number of the firearm on the Case Submission Form.
  • Ensure the occurrence date, as well as the firearm seizure date, are listed on the Case Submission Form.
  • Serial number restoration should be conducted following analysis by the Firearms & Toolmarks Unit.
  • If applicable, mark the container as biohazardous.

Comparison Samples

  • Representative sample of the type of ammunition that could have been fired in the weapon (e.g. ½ the capacity of the magazine); indicate on the Case Submission Form whether more ammunition is available.
  • Bullets and cartridge cases recovered at a shooting scene or from victims of a shooting.

Suspicious Firearms Index (SFI) Cases

Cases that involve only the determination of whether a seized firearm has been used in a previous shooting incident.

  • Submissions are restricted to commercial firearms only.
  • Firearm must be completely assembled and believed to be in working order.
  • No examination of the firearm will be conducted (i.e. classification to be done prior to submission to CFS).
  • No ammunition will be accepted.
  • Occurrence date and firearm seizure date must be clearly noted on the Case Submission Form.
  • Note the make, model, type, calibre/gauge and serial number of the firearm on the Case Submission Form.
  • Follow the collection and packaging guidelines as outlined above for Forensic Cases.
  • Agencies generating their own test fires should contact the IBIS Unit prior to submission to ensure proper guidelines are being followed.

Food

  • In cases where the suspected cause of poisoning is food to which drugs or chemicals have been added, submit the product in its original container, as soon as possible.
  • Submit food stuff in glass Mason jars when the presence of volatile liquids is suspected (see Fig.3).
  • Keep samples refrigerated and submit as soon as possible.
  • Cases of poisoning involving spoiled food should be directed to the Laboratory Services Branch of the Ontario Ministry of Health at 416 235-5716.
  • Cases of poisoning involving animals only, should be forwarded to the University of Guelph’s Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, at 519-824-4120 ext. 45430.

Food for DNA analysis:

  • Collect with gloved hands or with forceps.
  • Package in a re-sealable plastic bag or plastic container.
  • Keep the samples frozen.
  • Consult with a representative of the Biology Section prior to sampling or submission.

For submissions to the Biology DNA High Volume Service refer to the DNA High Volume Service Information Sheet and the DNA High Volume Service Protocol for requirements on food evidence collection and submission.

Comparison Samples

  • Possible source(s) of the poison/chemical.
  • A sample of the unadulterated food product.
  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.
  • Package comparison samples separately from questioned samples.

Footwear Impressions

  • CFS does not provide this service. Please contact the OPP Forensic Support Services at 705-329-6971 for further assistance.

Gases

  • If possible, contact, contact a private air-testing laboratory for this type of analysis.
  • If immediate sampling is required, vacuum gas sampling bottles may be used.
  • If vacuum gas sampling bottles are not available, a Mason jar can be filled with water and poured out in the area where the gas/vapour is suspected. The jar should be sealed and submitted to the CFS as soon as possible.
  • Glass mason jars and lids should be washed in hot water without soap (i.e. in dishwasher) after purchase and then stored with the lids in place.

Comparison Samples

  • An empty Mason jar and lid from the same group of jars used in the packaging of the case samples.

Glass

On Clothing and Footwear

  • Collect and submit items of clothing and footwear as soon as possible.
  • Air-dry the items if they are wet or bloodstained over clean paper (to prevent loss of glass particles).
  • The suspect should stand on a large, clean piece of paper when removing their outer clothing; fold and submit the paper along with the clothing.
  • Air-dry the items if they are wet or bloodstained over clean paper.
  • Submit only the outer clothing of a suspect (including shoes and other items such as hats, gloves, etc).
  • Package each article of clothing individually in paper.
  • Do not remove glass particles from clothing unless the clothing cannot be submitted.
  • Tools etc. used to break glass may be submitted as well (e.g. if they can be linked to a suspect).

Loose Particles

  • A suspect’s hair may be combed over a piece of clean paper using a clean, fine-toothed comb; fold the paper and submit along with the comb (do this prior to the removal of any clothing).
  • Loose glass particles from items or suspects should be packaged in rigid containers such as plastic jars (paper envelopes are not recommended).

Comparison Samples

  • Collect several full-thickness pieces of glass from each source of broken glass (e.g. from each broken window of a vehicle), package and label separately.
  • Broken glass should be collected from the window frame (avoid picking up glass from the ground).
  • If possible, include samples from different areas of the broken window and from the area close to the point of breakage.
  • For laminated glass, submit samples of glass from both sides of the laminate and label them as outside/inside.
  • Where a physical match may be possible, submit all available broken glass and protect fractured edges by wrapping in soft tissue or Styrofoam.
  • When determining whether a window was broken from the inside or outside, secure any glass remaining in the frame with tape and mark the sides of the glass as inside or outside; submit all of the glass at the scene and the entire frame.
  • Handle and package comparison samples separately from questioned samples; if possible, have one person collect and package the comparison sample and another collect and package questioned samples.

Gunshot Residue (GSR)

GSR – On Hands

  • Samples must be collected within 8 hours of the incident.
  • Use the GSR kits available from the CFS.
  • Samples must be collected by an officer trained in the use of the kits.
  • The questionnaire in the kit must be filled out and submitted with the kit.
  • Do not fingerprint the suspect or allow them to wash their hands prior to the collection of the samples.
  • Samples from victims of a shooting are not usually analyzed.
  • Samples are not accepted from a suspect if they were known to have a gun in their possession at, or immediately prior to, apprehension.
  • List each box of stubs as individual items on the Case Submission Form, along with their seal numbers.

GSR – On Vehicles

  • The whole vehicle can be submitted.
  • Do not use tape to sample vehicles, use the GSR hand-sampling kits; see above.
  • A maximum of four stubs from the interior of the vehicle will be accepted.

GSR - On Clothing

  • Must have been worn by the suspected shooter at the time of the shooting.
  • Must be seized soon after the incident.
  • Only submit clothing that would have been exposed to GSR during firing (e.g. gloves, pants, and outer jacket).
  • The item should have a clean surface and be relatively free of loose debris and readily- shed fibres (e.g. leather, cotton, nylon).
  • Air-dry if wet or bloodstained.
  • Package clothing in paper and place in a flat, tightly-fitting box; avoid folding the garment.
  • If a garment must be folded, place the item flat on a clean piece of paper, cover it with another sheet of paper and fold.
  • Clothing from victims of a shooting are not usually accepted.

Comparison Samples

  • If a pyrotechnic device, such as a stun grenade or firework, is involved, submit it.

Hairs

  • If hair is on an object or a garment, submit the entire item, if possible.
  • Air-dry clothing items if they are wet or bloodstained.
  • Place paper under the clothing to catch any falling particles while they are drying; fold and submit the paper with the clothing.
  • Package each article of clothing individually, in paper.
  • Weapons with hairs present should be packaged to minimize any loss; see “Weapons” for packaging information.
  • If an item is too large to be submitted, or if hairs may be lost in transit, remove the hairs with clear tape or pick them off with gloved hands or gently, with disposable forceps.
  • Once collected, tapes should be placed sticky side down on plastic sheets and submitted in envelopes.
  • Picked-off hairs should be packaged in a folded piece of paper (see Fig.1) and placed in an envelope.
  • Fibres in scalp or pubic hairs can be collected by combing the hair with a cotton-packed comb.

Comparison Samples

  • Submit samples from both the victim and the suspect.
  • Do not cut the hair; hairs must be pulled.
  • Package all comparison samples in a folded paper (see Fig.1), then place in an envelope.
  • Always keep items to be examined completely separate from all comparison samples so as to prevent contamination of evidence items.

For conventional hair analysis:

Scalp Hair

  • 50-100 plucked and fallen hairs from various locations on the scalp.
  • Rub the scalp over a piece of brown paper to collect fallen hairs.

Pubic Hair

  • Approximately 25 pubic hairs pulled and/or combed.

Body Hair

  • A minimum of 12 body hairs pulled and/or combed from areas of interest.

For DNA analysis:

  • At least 10-15 pulled scalp or pubic hairs with root sheaths.

Handler DNA

  • Items being submitted for the purpose of detecting DNA from the person handling the item will only be accepted following consultation with a representative of the Biology Section (please refer to Scientific Advisor contact numbers) or items will be returned.
  • Exceptions are gun and knife handle swabs for the Biology High Volume Service program.
  • No pre-processing of the item (i.e. fingerprinting) should be conducted on the items prior to consultation with the Biology Section.
  • Applicable items should be air-dried, and the whole item should be submitted if feasible to do so.
  • If not feasible to submit the item, swab the applicable area(s) with a moistened swab.
  • Air-dry all swabs prior to submission.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Handwriting, Handprinting And Signatures

  • Handle the documents as little as possible.
  • Submit the original documents when possible, prior to fingerprinting.
  • Copies are acceptable in the absence of originals (photocopies, microfiche, digital copies, faxes etc).
  • Identify which items need to be protected for fingerprinting or DNA on the Case Submission Form.
  • Do not repair torn or fragile documents; place them in a flat box and deliver them personally to the CFS.
  • List each questioned document separately on the Case Submission Form.

Comparison Samples

  • Must compare “like with like” – similar style of writing (ex. Cursive with cursive)
  • Collected writings (i.e. written during the normal course of business, close to the date of the offence) – submit as many as possible (i.e. cancelled cheques, journals, employment records, etc.)
  • Requested writings (i.e. written at the request of the investigator) – dictate the questioned material ten times, with each sample written on a separate sheet of paper (provided one at a time); include any words or figures that appear in the questioned document; if possible, use a similar format as the questioned item (i.e. paper with a signature line for a questioned cheque).

Hardrives

Please contact the Electronics Section for further information at Physical.Sciences@ontario.ca or telephone 416 314-3240.

Indented Writings

  • Submit prior to fingerprinting.
  • Handle carefully and as little as possible.
  • Do not try to bring up indentations in any way.
  • Do not mark the documents.
  • Submit in flat boxes or in loose plastic folders between cardboard for protection.

Ink Comparisons

  • No ink dating.
  • Comparisons can be made between inks on the same document to determine if the document.
  • Has been altered and to decipher obliterated or erased information.

Lachrymators (Mace, Pepper Spray, Tear Gas)

  • If the item is an aerosol dispenser, and it is not damaged, submit it in a plastic bag.
  • If the container is leaking, submit it in a glass Mason jar.
  • Submit any clothing or other items as soon as possible.
  • Package clothing in specialty nylon bags if possible and do not dry the items; use the swan neck seal to close the nylon bag (see Fig.4).
  • Package each article of clothing individually.
  • Do not package clothing together with canisters or dispensers.
  • Use dry cotton swabs or tissue to wipe the face of the victim or to collect samples from non-absorbent, fixed materials (e.g. windows); submit in glass Mason jars or nylon bags.
  • Small items (e.g. glasses) may be submitted in their entirety, or they can be swabbed, as above.
  • Droplets or pools of liquid can be absorbed onto swabs or tissue and be submitted in glass Mason jars.
  • Document the effect of the substance on the victim on the Case Submission Form.

Lungs

  • Package in a glass Mason jar with metal lid and ring (see Fig.3).
  • The jar should not be more than ¾ full.
  • Keep the sample refrigerated.
  • Glass mason jars and lids must be washed in hot water without soap (i.e. in dishwasher) after purchase and then stored with the lids in place, away from all potential sources of ignitable liquid.
  • Make a specific request on the Case Submission Form for the analysis of volatile ignitable liquids or hydrocarbon gases.
  • If a biological sample is accepted by CRO without a specific request for volatile ignitable liquids and/or hydrocarbon gases, the examiner will confirm with the submitter that analysis is required/ requested prior to further examination or closing the file.

Note: After purchase, Mason jars and lids must be washed in hot water, without soap. Prior to use, they must be stored with the lids on, and away from all potential sources of ignitable liquid.

Comparison Samples

  • An empty Mason jar and lid from the same group of jars used in the packaging of the case samples.

Maggots

Mechanical Failures

  • In accident investigations, photograph broken parts as found at the scene.
  • Vehicles should be examined by a qualified mechanic when a defect in brakes, steering, etc. may have led to, or contributed to, a collision.
  • If a defect is suspected, remove parts and submit to the CFS.
  • Keep fractured parts/components dry; if fracture surfaces can’t be kept dry, coat them with clean motor oil or petroleum jelly.
  • Protect all fracture surfaces; do not try to fit them together.
  • If chains, ropes and/or cables have broken, submit information regarding the configuration of the rigging involved, including lengths and angles, block sizes and the weight of the load.
  • If tensile strength testing is required, contact the Physical Sciences Section engineer prior to submission.

Metals

  • Submit metal particles in a small plastic container, or fold in a sheet of paper (see Fig.1) and place in an envelope.
  • When metal particles are adhering to an object, submit the entire item; package items to avoid loss (e.g. wrap tools in paper).

Comparison Samples

  • Submit a sample of metal from the suspected source of the questioned particles.
  • Package in a small plastic container or fold in a sheet of paper (see Fig.1) and place in an envelope.
  • If interested in determining type of metal, provide any information with regards to its usage, chemical specifications, etc.
  • Package comparison samples separately from questioned samples.

Noxious Substances (Acids, Bleach, Drugs, etc)

  • If an item is a commercial product in an undamaged container, submit the container in a plastic bag.
  • If a container is leaking, seal it in a glass Mason jar.
  • Submit as much of the questioned material as possible.
  • Do not discard any suspect substances found in food or drink containers; submit the container and the substance immediately.
  • If a food product cannot be submitted immediately, place it in a Mason jar.
  • If the material that has been contaminated is perishable, refrigerate or freeze it.
  • Submit contaminated articles as soon as possible (e.g. clothing).
  • Document the effect of the substance on the victim and on clothing items on the Case Submission Form.
  • CRO will contact the Chemistry Section for analysis ASAP.

Comparison Samples

  • a newly purchased sample of the food or commercial product, in its original container, to compare to the item which was contaminated

Paint

  • Paint chips submitted for possible physical match should be packaged in a labelled, rigid container – otherwise, package paint chips in a folded piece of paper (see Fig.1), label and place in an envelope.
  • Do not use adhesive tape to lift paint samples and do not place small chips of paint directly into an envelope or a plastic bag.
  • If foreign paint is deposited on a car as discrete chips, remove and package as above.
  • If foreign paint is transferred as a smear to another painted surface, remove the underlying paint with the smear, using a sharp instrument.
  • When paint is present on small items (e.g. tools), submit the entire item; see “Tools” for proper packaging information.
  • When foreign paint cannot be removed without alteration, submit the item it is on (i.e. bumper, door frame) or submit the entire object/vehicle.
  • Cover the area with paper or plastic for protection.
  • Do not remove paint from articles of clothing.
  • Air-dry clothing if wet or bloodstained over clean paper and submit paper with item.
  • Handle articles of clothing over a clean piece of paper; submit the paper with the clothing.
  • Package each article of clothing individually, in paper.

Comparison Samples

  • Obtain paint samples using clean tools from all damaged areas of the vehicle or object; package each sample separately.
  • Use a sharp instrument to remove paint chips with all layers, down to the unpainted surface.
  • If the paint is on a fixed object, cut out a section, including the damaged area.
  • Package comparison samples separately from questioned samples.
  • Vehicles can be submitted.

Printing Machines (Cheque Protectors/Writers, Computer Printers, Fax Machines, Photocopiers, Typewriters)

Please contact the Documents Section on 416 314-3240 for information on submitting cases involving a printing machine.

Saliva

  • Collect the item bearing the stain, if possible.
  • For drink containers, mouth areas should be swabbed à submit only the swab.
  • Air-dry all items prior to submission.
  • Clothing items should be packaged individually in paper.
  • A water-moistened swab can be used to collect stains on skin, one swab per area (e.g. bite marks).
  • If an item is too large to submit and the stain location is known, cut out a sample of the stain using a scalpel/razor blade e.g. couch, vehicle seat.
  • A water-moistened swab can also be used to sample the suspected stain if it is not feasible to submit an item or to excise a portion of it.
  • If swabs cannot be immediately air-dried, they should be stored frozen and air-dried prior to submission.
  • See also “Chewing Gum”, “Cigarette Butts”, “Envelope Flaps and Stamps” and “Food”.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”

Semen

  • Collect the item bearing the stain, if possible.
  • Air-dry all items prior to submission.
  • Clothing items should be packaged individually in paper.
  • A water-moistened swab can be used to collect stains on skin; use only one swab per stain area.
  • If an item is too large to submit and the stain location is known, cut out a sample of the stain using a scalpel/razor blade e.g. couch, vehicle seat, carpet.
  • A water-moistened swab can also be used to sample the suspected stain if it is not feasible to submit an item or to excise a portion of it.
  • If swabs cannot be immediately air-dried, they should be stored frozen and air-dried prior to submission.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Serial Numbers

  • Items will not be accepted if previous attempts to restore the serial number have been made.
  • If the entire device containing an obliterated serial number cannot be submitted, remove the suspect area while protecting it from contact and heat.
  • Serial numbers can potentially be restored on any type of metal, plastic, rubber and possibly wooden objects.

Firearms & Toolmarks

  • Firearms will not be accepted if previous attempts to restore the serial number have been made.
  • Serial numbers can potentially be restored on several components of firearms.

Sexual Assault Evidence Kit

For questions or advice regarding submission of biological samples for Sexual Assault cases, please contact the Biology Sexual Assault Scientific Advisor at 416 314-3282 or email your inquiry to cfs.biology.sexualassault@ontario.ca.

For questions or advice regarding Toxicology Analyses of the blood and urine samples for Sexual Assault cases, please contact the Toxicology Criminal Coordinator at Toxcrim@ontario.ca or call 416 314-3143 and ask for the criminal coordinator.

  • Keep used condoms and sanitary products frozen.
  • Keep blood and urine samples refrigerated; complete the kit labels and adhere to the blood and urine samples, ensuring names are placed on the labels, in particular when a case involves more than one complainant
  • Remaining kit items, e.g., swabs, can be stored at room temperature or frozen..
  • Only submit items relevant to the case (i.e. if there was no oral assault, do not submit oral samples) – consult with Sexual Assault Scientific Advisor for pre-submission approval.
  • Internal swabs should be collected even if a condom was used but should only be included in the initial submission if the condom is not available.
  • List and describe each item submitted on the Case Submission Form.
  • The Sexual Assault Questionnaire must be completed and submitted along with the kit.

Comparison Samples

  • A DNA sample from the complainant(s) is required (e.g. item 11-1 from SAEK).
  • DNA sample(s) from any other person(s) involved including any person with whom the victim had intercourse within seven days prior to the assault, without the use of a condom – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Sexual Lubricants

  • Air-dry wet clothing and/or swabs prior to submission.
  • Package each item of clothing individually in paper.

Comparison Samples

  • Suspected sources of lubricants in original containers.
  • An unused swab when swabs have been used to collect samples.
  • Handle and package comparison samples separately from questioned samples.

Soil

Please contact the chemistry section at CFSChemstry.ScientificAdvisor@ontario.ca or 416 314-3131.

Stun Guns and Tasers

  • Do not fingerprint the stun gun or Taser prior to submission without consulting the Electronics Unit.
  • Remove any accessible battery or batteries, tape over the contacts and place the batteries in a separate bag.
  • Tape the ON/OFF (SAFE) switch in the OFF (SAFE) position.
  • Do not test fire the stun gun or Taser.
  • Package the stun gun or Taser in a container of suitable size.
  • If submitting a Taser or other projectile type electronic weapon, collect any fired or unfired probes, cartridges and wires, cables or accessories. Package in a separate container.

Do not touch any exposed wires or bare metal contacts!

Suspicious Liquids Or Powders

  • Consult the Chemistry section at 416 314-3131 prior to submitting unknown liquids or powders.
  • Suspicious powders or liquids that may present Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear (CBRN) hazards must be screened prior to submission by a competent Hazmat or Emergency Response team such as OPP UCRT (905-857-5582). The sample submission must include a document listing the specific threats for which the sample has been cleared. CFS does not accept samples that are CBRN hazards.
  • If samples are Biological (e.g. plague, smallpox), contact the Medical Officer of Health office at 416 314-5518 / 1-800-268-1154 to get your local number.
  • For items involving animal (only) poisonings, submit samples to the Animal Health Laboratory at the University of Guelph, 519-824-4120 ext. 54501.
  • Package comparison samples separately from questioned samples.

Syringes

  • Submit in a glass Mason jar or a rigid container.
  • Seal the jar by placing the seal over the top and down each side (see Fig.2).
  • Do not package in plastic or paper bags.
  • Label the container cautioning of the biohazard.

Comparison Samples

  • Blood and urine samples from the person(s) involved.
  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.

Tires

  • Submit the damaged tire still mounted on its rim.
  • Identify the position of the tire on the vehicle.
  • Provide information on the make, type, size and state of wear on the tires not submitted.
  • Provide information on the vehicle, the road and the weather at the time of the collision.
  • Submit photographs of any skid marks and close-ups of the damaged tire prior to removal of the wheel.
  • Submit sketches of the scene showing the point of collision, the final position of the vehicle and any skid marks.

Tire Impressions

  • CFS does not provide this service. Please contact the OPP Forensic Support Services at 705-329-6971 for further assistance.

Toolmarks

  • Submit the object or the area containing the toolmark.
  • Casts may be accepted based on suitability.
  • Put the object in a rigid container to protect the area and to prevent any alteration during transport.
  • Protect the ends of wires, cables, etc., with heavy paper or plastic and clearly label the questioned ends.
  • Any identifying markings should be made in a location remote from any toolmarks.

Comparison Samples

  • Submit all tools that may have been used.
  • Submit additional same type material from around the damaged area for test comparison purposes.
  • See “Tools” for proper packaging information.

Tools

  • Submit the entire tool, when possible.
  • Submit the tool as found, do not close or open cutter type tools.
  • Protect the working parts of the tool with heavy paper and package to prevent the loss of any trace evidence (e.g. paint, lead and/or copper smears).
  • Submit tools in rigid, tightly-fitting packages to minimize their movement during transport.
  • Package tools separately from any questioned samples and never place a suspect tool into a toolmark or a cut.
  • Tools can be zip-tied to the box, seal holes with tape.

Traffic Accident Reconstruction

  • Contact the Physical Sciences Section engineer on 416 314-3240 or Physical.Sciences@ontario.ca prior to submitting items for analysis.
  • Materials needed: scale drawings, photographs, vehicle data, skid test results, occupant information, scene surveys, etc.
  • Assistance can be provided on vehicle speed, impact location, occupant positions, time/ distance.

Vehicle Lights

  • Do not test the lights; note if the light switch is ‘on’ or ‘off’.
  • Photograph the light prior to its removal.
  • Submit the entire light, well protected.
  • Use Styrofoam cups as packaging for bulbs.
  • When the light is completely broken, collect all debris from the lamp housing and submit it in a sealed plastic bag.
  • High Intensity Discharge (HID) headlamps should only be submitted if the small quartz discharge chamber is broken.
  • LED lights are not accepted.

Vehicles

  • You must call the Centre Receiving Office in advance of submitting and prior to picking up a vehicle following CFS analysis (416 314-3216).
  • List vehicles individually on their own Case Submission Form.
  • Include a copy of the warrant as well as keys to the vehicle with the submission.
  • Note on the Case Submission Form if the vehicle (outside and/or inside) needs to be protected for fingerprints.
  • If a bicycle is involved in an occurrence, submit the entire unit and wrap in paper.

Weapons (Knives, Scissors, etc)

Do not swab or sample these types of items prior to submission or consultation.

Testing of items for the presence of blood prior to submission using commercially available kits can compromise DNA analysis as it results in the removal of DNA, destruction of DNA, inhibition of DNA analysis and contamination with other sources of DNA during the testing process. Do not test items prior to submission with Haemastix, or blood enhancing chemicals such as Luminol, BlueStar, LMG, etc., without prior consultation with a Biology Scientific Advisor.

  • Do not fingerprint items prior to submission or consultation
  • Identify on the Case Submission Form any items that need to be protected for fingerprinting.
  • Do not submit in paper or plastic bags.
  • Package the item in a rigid, tightly-fitting package to minimize the loss of any trace evidence by limiting its movement during transport.
  • Label the container, cautioning if the item is sharp.
  • Also see “Firearms”.

For submissions to the Biology DNA High Volume Service refer to the DNA High Volume Service Information Sheet and the DNA High Volume Service Protocol for requirements on weapon evidence collection and submission.

Comparison Samples

  • DNA sample(s) from person(s) involved – see “DNA SAMPLES – For Comparison Purposes”.
  • Any clothing for damage analysis and/or fibre transfer comparison.
  • Any broken parts of weapons left at the scene.
  • Stab wounds or cuts in tissue are not analyzed at the CFS; a pathologist may be able to assess the type of instrument used to inflict a wound.




 

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